-
Review Article
Stabilization Pond System and Design Aspects in Wastewater Treatments: A Review
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
25-39
Received:
24 September 2026
Accepted:
10 October 2026
Published:
29 October 2026
Abstract: Stabilization ponds are among the oldest, simplest, and most sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, vital for decentralized systems, rural communities, and developing regions where conventional high-tech solutions are not feasible. These large, shallow basins use natural biological and physical processes for organic matter degradation, nutrient removal, and pathogen inactivation. Treatment depends on sedimentation, anaerobic and aerobic decomposition, and a symbiotic algae-bacteria relationship. During daylight, algae produce oxygen via photosynthesis, supporting aerobic bacterial degradation and ammonia nitrification, while bacteria provide CO2 and nutrients for algal growth. Solar UV radiation, natural die-off, and predation further inactivate pathogens. Systems are typically arranged in series for efficiency as anaerobic ponds in deep, high organic loading, for preliminary decomposition and solids removal, facultative ponds with intermediate depth, the main treatment unit with both aerobic (upper) and anaerobic (lower) zones for bulk BOD reduction and maturation ponds with shallow, low loading, for effluent polishing and extensive pathogen removal. Design is critical for performance. Key parameters are hydraulic retention time (HRT), which governs treatment efficiency, organic loading rate (OLR), which controls degradation, pond depth, and series configuration. Climatic factors like temperature and sunlight strongly influence biological activity and must be accounted for. Inlet/outlet structures, liner sealing, and land availability are also essential. Advantages include very low capital and operational costs, minimal energy needs, resilience to hydraulic and organic shock loads, effective pathogen removal, and low requirement for skilled labor. Limitations are the large land area needed, potential odor from anaerobic or overloaded ponds, and effluent turbidity from algae that may require post-treatment to meet strict discharge standards. In conclusion, stabilization ponds remain a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally sound cornerstone of sustainable wastewater management, with ongoing design improvements enhancing their role in global sanitation.
Abstract: Stabilization ponds are among the oldest, simplest, and most sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, vital for decentralized systems, rural communities, and developing regions where conventional high-tech solutions are not feasible. These large, shallow basins use natural biological and physical processes for organic matter degradation, nutr...
Show More
-
Review Article
Designing of a Wetland System for the Treatments of Different Types of Wastewater: A Review
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
40-56
Received:
25 September 2026
Accepted:
12 October 2026
Published:
29 October 2026
Abstract: Wastewater pollution is a critical global challenge, particularly from diverse and potent sources like textile manufacturing, service stations, and clinical facilities. These effluents, laden with an array of harmful substances from vibrant dyes, heavy metals, and processing chemicals in textile wastewater, to oil, grease, hydrocarbons, and detergents from service stations, and the complex cocktail of pharmaceutical residues, pathogens, and disinfectant byproducts from clinical settings pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Traditionally, treating such variegated and persistent pollutants demands energy-intensive and chemical-heavy conventional methods. However, a promising and sustainable approach lies in the ingenious design of constructed wetland systems. Mimicking nature's own filtration and purification processes, these engineered ecosystems leverage the combined power of specific plants (macrophytes), a diverse microbial community, and a porous substrate (like gravel and sand) to effectively treat complex wastewater streams. Within these systems, plants absorb and accumulate pollutants (phytoremediation), microorganisms break down organic matter and transform contaminants, while the substrate physically filters solids and provides an anaerobic environment for specific biochemical reactions. It's a multi-faceted, low-energy, and environmentally benign process. The brilliance of designing a single, integrated wetland system for multiple wastewater streams textile, service station, and clinical lies in its potential for efficiency and resource optimization. Such a system offers a cost-effective, low-maintenance alternative that requires minimal chemical input. Beyond purification, these constructed wetlands can enhance local biodiversity, create valuable green spaces, and even support the reuse of treated water for non-potable purposes. Crucially, the system must be meticulously designed, considering the specific pollutant load, flow rates, and characteristics of each wastewater type to ensure optimal performance and compliance with stringent discharge standards. This holistic approach represents a beacon of sustainable wastewater management, demonstrating how ecological engineering can harness natural purification power to mitigate pollution, protect our planet, and foster healthier.
Abstract: Wastewater pollution is a critical global challenge, particularly from diverse and potent sources like textile manufacturing, service stations, and clinical facilities. These effluents, laden with an array of harmful substances from vibrant dyes, heavy metals, and processing chemicals in textile wastewater, to oil, grease, hydrocarbons, and deterge...
Show More
-
Review Article
The Influence of Changes in Land Use on the Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) as an Indicator of Climate Change in Bugesera District
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
57-66
Received:
25 May 2026
Accepted:
3 June 2026
Published:
6 November 2026
Abstract: In this comprehensive study, researcher investigate the complex interplay between land use changes, vegetation health as measured by NDVI, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the Bugesera District from 2019 to 2022 using Google Earth Engine. The introduction sets the context by highlighting the environmental significance of understanding this relationship in a region marked by rapid urbanization and shifting land use patterns. A thorough literature review underscores the global relevance of this topic, discussing the impact of urban development, transportation, and industrialization on both vegetation health and air quality. The methodology section outlines data collection methods and analytical techniques, emphasizing the use of remote sensing technology and GIS for spatial analysis accompanied by Machine Learning in Google Earth Engine. The results demonstrate a clear inverse correlation between NDVI and CO concentration, particularly in areas with high urbanization and infrastructural development, validating the negative impact of human activities on vegetation and air quality. The discussion delves into the implications of these findings, emphasizing the need for sustainable urban planning and environmental conservation efforts. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the study's significance, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to promote healthier, more resilient ecosystems and improved air quality in the Bugesera District and similar rapidly evolving regions.
Abstract: In this comprehensive study, researcher investigate the complex interplay between land use changes, vegetation health as measured by NDVI, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the Bugesera District from 2019 to 2022 using Google Earth Engine. The introduction sets the context by highlighting the environmental significance of understanding this...
Show More
-
Research Article
Study of TSS Reduction in Digested POME Using Coagulation-Flocculation and Sand Filtration for Bioscrubber Pretreatment
Riski Gunawan Nasution*,
Desniorita,
Rahmadani Nasution,
Riadani Sinaga,
Januansyah Pratama,
Agus Agus
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
67-75
Received:
27 April 2026
Accepted:
7 May 2026
Published:
6 November 2026
Abstract: The bioscrubber circulation water at the Biogas Power Plant is sourced from overflow digested Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) containing very high Total Suspended Solids (TSS), exceeding 500 mg/L. High TSS causes fouling of sprayer nozzles, clogging of packing media, and reduces Thiobacillus bacterial activity in biological H2S oxidation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulation-flocculation using Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) and Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC), as well as sand filtration, in reducing TSS levels. Coagulation-flocculation tests were carried out as jar tests with dose variations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for each coagulant, followed by 30-minute sedimentation. Filtration tests used 300 grams of silica sand (0.5-1.0 mm diameter) in a gravity-driven column (height 30 cm, diameter 5 cm) with three replicates. Furthermore, a novel mixing strategy was developed by combining digested POME with clarified POME from the final sedimentation pond (low TSS) at a 1: 3 ratio. Results show that PAC at optimal dose 150 ppm achieves TSS removal efficiency of 89.36% with final TSS of 150 ppm, outperforming Alum which achieved 82.47% at the same dose. Sand filtration consistently reduced TSS by an average of 80.20% while maintaining TDS at an average reduction of 26.18%, preserving dissolved organics as bacterial nutrients. The 1: 3 mixing strategy successfully reduced TSS to below 50 mg/L, eliminating nozzle and sprinkler clogging, preventing packing media fouling, and achieving H2S removal efficiency down to 10 ppm in the bioscrubber outlet. The combination of PAC 150 ppm and sand filtration, along with the 1: 3 mixing strategy, is recommended as a stage.
Abstract: The bioscrubber circulation water at the Biogas Power Plant is sourced from overflow digested Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) containing very high Total Suspended Solids (TSS), exceeding 500 mg/L. High TSS causes fouling of sprayer nozzles, clogging of packing media, and reduces Thiobacillus bacterial activity in biological H2S oxidation. This study ...
Show More
-
Research Article
Purification Profiling and Kinetic Properties of
Tri –Responsive Enzymes from Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria
Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna
,
AzubuikeUmeh Aninachukwu Chukwudi,
Udemezue Onyeka Izuchukwu,
Akwuaka Prisca Mary Chinasaram,
Oparaji Emeka Henry*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
76-89
Received:
22 June 2026
Accepted:
21 July 2026
Published:
6 November 2026
Abstract: Purification is though a cost implicative aspect in production and application of enzymes. Lipase, urease and peroxidase were produced from strains of Pseudomonas isolated from a crude oil polluted soil using standard microbiology and biochemical techniques. The stress responsive enzymes were produced through submerged fermentation technique. Crude extracts were precipitated at physiologic pH show the crude extract precipitation of lipase with maximum protein precipitation at 70% saturation of the ammonium salt, precipitation of the crude extracts of urease with maximum protein precipitation at 60% saturationof the ammonium salt while precipitation of the crude extracts of peroxidase with maximum protein precipitation at 50% saturation of the ammonium salt. Crude protein of lipase was purified upto 2.32 folds after gel filtration (sephadex G-100) with percentage yield of 2.00%.The specific activity of lipase increased from 211.81 to 490.55 U/m g after gel filtration. Crude urease was purified up to 3.20 folds after gel filtration (sephadex G-100) with percentage yield of 2.30%. The specific activity of urease increased from 170.56 to 546.88U/mg after gel filtration. Crude protein extract of peroxidase was purified upto 2.8 folds after gel filtration (sephadex G-100) with percentage yield of 2.20%. The specific activity of peroxidase increased from 215.38 to 602.20U/mg after gel filtration. lipase, urease and peroxidase activity showed optimum activity at pH of 6.0; 7.0 and 4.5 respectively while 50°C;60°C and 40°C were optimum activity of lipase, urease and peroxidase respectively. Michaelis-menten constant (KM) and maximal velocity of catalysis (Vmax) of 0.32mM and 200 μmol/min were obtained at different concentrations of p-NPP for lipase; whereas KM of 0.370mM and velocity maximal of 197.27μmol/min were obtainedat different concentrations of standard urea for urease and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km)and maximal velocity(Vmax) of 3.45mM and 270μmol/min were obtained at different concentrations of o-dianisidine hydrogen peroxide standard substrates for peroxidases. The purification and kinetic properties of enzymes defines their much physiologic stability and efficient catalytic profile for wide application.
Abstract: Purification is though a cost implicative aspect in production and application of enzymes. Lipase, urease and peroxidase were produced from strains of Pseudomonas isolated from a crude oil polluted soil using standard microbiology and biochemical techniques. The stress responsive enzymes were produced through submerged fermentation technique. Crude...
Show More
-
Research Article
Remediation of Groundwater Contaminated with Heavy Metals and Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using Biosparging
Leton Agatha Kabari*,
Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde,
Emmanuel Odianyegbuehua Ehirim,
Patience Nne Ikenyiri
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
90-97
Received:
12 October 2026
Accepted:
26 October 2026
Published:
11 November 2026
Abstract: Groundwater contamination by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons poses significant environmental and public health challenges, particularly in oil-producing regions. This study investigated the remediation of contaminated groundwater using biosparging over a 15-day treatment period. Groundwater samples were collected from Alesa Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria, and treated using a laboratory-scale biosparging system designed to evaluate changes in heavy metal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) concentrations. The results showed that total dissolved metals decreased from 18.12 to 14.96 mg/L, representing a 17.44% reduction. Lead exhibited a 24.59% reduction, while zinc decreased by 23.98%. PAH concentration declined from 2.80 to 1.45 mg/L, corresponding to a 48.21% reduction, whereas TPH decreased from 0.87 to 0.27 mg/L, representing a 68.97% reduction. For BTEX compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes recorded reductions of 82.49%, 77.34%, 72.75%, and 76.90%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that biosparging was associated with substantial reductions in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, while heavy metal removal was comparatively limited. The study indicates that biosparging has potential for treating petroleum-contaminated groundwater, although supplementary treatment may be required to improve heavy metal removal. Further investigation of geochemical conditions and contaminant-removal mechanisms is recommended to establish treatment effectiveness and compliance with applicable groundwater quality standards.
Abstract: Groundwater contamination by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons poses significant environmental and public health challenges, particularly in oil-producing regions. This study investigated the remediation of contaminated groundwater using biosparging over a 15-day treatment period. Groundwater samples were collected from Alesa Eleme, Rivers St...
Show More
-
Research Article
Quantifying CO2 Green House Gas Emissions from Soil Dredging in Drainage Basin of River Niger at Otu Ogwu Asaba
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
98-106
Received:
10 May 2026
Accepted:
22 May 2026
Published:
11 November 2026
Abstract: CO2 otherwise carbon-dioxide, is a gas of colourless form comprising of a single carbon and two atoms of oxygen, bonded through reaction. Carbon dioxide status obtainable through appropriate quantification is of importance to agriculture, climate change, human health concerns, etc. Objectively, this work summarily point on "Quantifying CO2 green house gas emissions from soil dredging in drainage basin of River Niger at Otu Ogwu Asaba". In this work, a one year measurement involving field survey, data generation, computations and documentation, with respect to energy consumption by aquatic equipment operations relative to soil dredging which requires burning of diesel and petrol fuels, potentially contributing to atmospheric emittable greenhouse gases of which carbon dioxide (CO2) was primarily focused on. Conclusively, 3,736.03 Kg CO₂e, and 44,832.32 Kg CO₂e, of average and total CO₂ otherwise carbon - dioxid emissions were attributed to the area in general. Also, 1403.64 Kg CO₂e, and, 5565.54 Kg CO₂e, of minimal and maximal CO2 emissions occurred at the area, in the months of July (medium) and December (high) respectively. Moreso, the diesel energy consumption outweighed petrol with respect to their contribution to CO2 emissions to the environment. While balance in environmental emissions were maintained by changing yieldings of low, medium and high CO2 input from human activities as well as atmospheric air mixtures.
Abstract: CO2 otherwise carbon-dioxide, is a gas of colourless form comprising of a single carbon and two atoms of oxygen, bonded through reaction. Carbon dioxide status obtainable through appropriate quantification is of importance to agriculture, climate change, human health concerns, etc. Objectively, this work summarily point on "Quantifying CO2 green ho...
Show More
